Banich M. The Frontal Cortex. Organization, Networks, and Function 2024

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Banich M. The Frontal Cortex. Organization, Networks, and Function 2024

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Textbook in PDF format An in-depth investigation of the structure, neuronal mechanisms, and computations of the frontal lobe that enable higher-level thought. Experts from neurobiology, neuroanatomy, evolutionary biology, cognitive neuroscience, computational neuroscience, and clinical science examine how the neuronal structure of the frontal lobes enables unique aspects of higher-level thought. Implications for understanding disrupted function in neurological and psychiatric disorders, as well as societal issues, such as volitional control of behavior and educational practice, are also considered. List of Contributors Preface Introduction Framework for Discussion Moving Forward A Cross-Species Analysis of Prefrontal Cortex Homology Based on Anatomical Connectivity, Behavior, and Cell Types Abstract Introduction Comparative Connectivity Optogenetic and Chemogenetic Manipulations In Rodents and Primates Foraging Innovations, Prediction, and Primate Specialization of PFC Cell Types in PFC Laminar and Functional Patterns Among Cell Types Stability and “Combinatorial Complexity” in PFC Conclusions Acknowledgments The Two Prefrontal Streams Abstract Introduction The Prelimbic Cortex As a Precursor of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Homology between Infralimbic Cortex and vmPFC Conclusions Evolutionary Perspectives Abstract Introduction What Are the Major Regions and Circuits Observed across Species within PFC? How Did the PFC Evolve and How Has This Evolution Led to Produce Higher-Order Cognition, Including Social Behavior and Language Elements in Humans? What Are the Main Organizational Principles of PFC? Mechanisms By Which Major Circuits Exert Control: Is There Anything Special about Neuronal Physiology of PFC? What Unique Contributions Does Work with Optogenetics, Chemogenetics, Large-Scale Electrophysiology, and Calcium Imaging Contrib to Understanding PFC Function? Utility of Animal Models Conclusion Acknowledgments Neurophysiology Abstract Introduction Functional Localization from the View of Neuropsychology Contrasting Neuron Responses in OFC and dlPFC Reconciling Neuropsychology with Neurophysiology Anatomical Organization of Prefrontal Circuitry Evolutionary Origins and Ventrodorsal Trends Population Coding and Dynamics Summary and Open Questions The Position of the Prefrontal Cortex in the Cortical Hierarchy Abstract Introduction Prefrontal Specializations Prefrontal Intrinsic Organization Conclusions and Future Directions Acknowledgments What Is the Nature of the Hierarchical Organization of Lateral Prefrontal Cortex? Abstract Introduction Functional Hierarchy in Rostro-Caudal Lateral PFC Hierarchical Interactions Within the RostroCaudal Organization of lPFC Conclusions and Future Directions Acknowledgments Functional Fractionation and Integration Abstract General Introduction Anatomical Subdivisions in the Frontal Cortex If There Is Functional Fractionation of the Frontal Lobes, What Would It Look Like? Evidence for Functional Fractionation of the Frontal Lobe in Primates What Are the Organizational Principles of the Frontal Lobe? How Do the Frontal Lobes Influence Behavior? What Are the Key Knowledge Gaps? How the Brain Creates Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions Abstract Introduction Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions The Multiple Demand System: Anatomy and Function Common EF Versus Spearman’s g Conclusions and Future Directions: Beyond Classical Functional Localization Computational Models of Prefrontal Cortex Abstract Introduction Neural Network Models of PFC Operations Computational Cognitive Models of PFC Function Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments What Do Network Approaches Add to Our Understanding of Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Function? Abstract Introduction What Do Network Approaches Add to Our Understanding of the Frontal Lobe? Challenges and New Frontiers for LargeScale Networks of the Frontal Lobe Conclusion Acknowledgments Appendix 11.1: Measuring Large-Scale Brain Networks with Resting-State fMRI Integrative Psychological, Computational, and Mechanistic Approaches to Frontal Lobe Function Abstract What Adaptive Functions Does Prefrontal Cortex Serve? Existing Approaches to Divide the Space of PFC Function What Are the Unifying Features of PFC Function? Computational Modeling in Interplay with Experimentation Experimental Approaches: Limitations, Opportunities, and Future Directions Conclusions and Open Questions Pharmacological Modulation of Prefrontal Cortex in Affective Disorders Abstract Introduction Prefrontal Dysregulation in Depression Neurochemical Targets for Antidepressants Neurochemical Signatures of Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortices Monoamine-Targeting Anxiolytics and Antidepressants The Rapidly Acting Antidepressant, Ketamine Mu Opioid Receptor Signaling As a Therapeutic Target Psychedelic Compounds Current Limitations and Future Strategies Cognitive Interventions Targeting Executive Functions Abstract The Malleability of Executive Functions Neural Correlates of Executive Function Training: Getting at Underlying Mechanisms Executive Function Training in Populations With EF Deficits Conclusions, Outstanding Questions, and Implications Neurosurgery for Intractable Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Abstract Introduction Frontostriatal Loops and the Psychopathology of OCD How Has Invasive Neurosurgery for OCD Contributed to Our Understanding of the PFC? Cingulotomy Anterior Capsulotomy Translating Prefrontal Cortex Insights to the Clinic and Society Abstract The Challenge of Disorders of the Prefrontal Cortex Mapping Syndromes and Symptoms to Processes and Etiology Comorbidity Gradients across Prefrontal Cortex in Health and Disease Animal Models Related to Human Disorders Improved Targeting of Treatments, with Combinations and Prediction Prefrontal Cortex and Society Conclusion Pathways Forward Toward an Understanding of Frontal Lobe Function Animal Models: Utility, Limitations, and Future Potential How Does Connectivity of Frontal Regions Enable Its Functions? Social Processing, Higher-Order Cognitive Skills, and Development Summarizing Statement Bibliography Subject Index