Khots B. Observability and Mathematics.Quantum Yang-Mills Theory..Modelling 2024

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Khots B. Observability and Mathematics.Quantum Yang-Mills Theory..Modelling 2024

Textbook in PDF format Quantum Yang-Mills theory is now the foundation of most of elementary particle theory, and its predictions have been tested at many experimental laboratories, but its mathematical foundation is still unclear. The ''mass gap'' property has been discovered by physicists from experiment, but it still has not been understood from a theoretical point of view. Proposed book describes author's approach to solution of this problem on base of Mathematics with Observers (removing from arithmetic infinity idea, taking into account Observers dependent ascending chain of embedded sets of finite decimal fractions with arithmetic operations locally coinciding with standard operations, and getting new calculus, diff geometry, etc), including interpretations of vector fields and differential forms, generalization of Yang-Mills equations, proof of mass gap existing, consideration the theory of matrix Lie groups and algebras, and this point of view gives the possibilities to make new approach and establish the existence of the Yang-Mills theory and a mass gap, Grand unified theories and Standard model of particle physics. Yang–Mills theory, a concept in physics, extends Maxwell’s equations to explain the weak and strong forces within subatomic particles using geometric structures or quantum field theory. This theory depends on a quantum mechanical attribute known as the “mass gap.” The laws of quantum physics govern the behavior of elementary particles, akin to how Newton’s laws govern the macroscopic world. Yang and Mills introduced a novel framework that employs structures found in geometry to depict elementary particles. Quantum Yang–Mills theory now underpins most elementary particle theories, with its predictions tested in various experimental laboratories. However, its mathematical foundation remains ambiguous