Dunlap R. Electrons in Solids. Contemporary Topics 2019

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Dunlap R. Electrons in Solids. Contemporary Topics 2019

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Textbook in PDF format The transport of electric charge through most materials is well described in terms of their electronic band structure. The present book deals with two cases where the charge transport in a solid is not described by the simple band structure picture of the solid. These cases are related to the phenomena of the quantum Hall effect and superconductivity. Part I of this book deals with the quantum Hall effect, which is a consequence of the behavior of electrons in solids when they are constrained to move in two dimensions. Part II of the present volume describes the behavior of superconductors, where electrons are bound together in Cooper pairs and travel through a material without resistance. The manifestations of electric charge have been known since antiquity in the form of lightning, static electricity and electric potential produced by certain species of fish. The properties of electric currents in metals was studied extensively in the 19th century, although the details of the nature of these currents remained unknown until 1987 when J J Thomson discovered the electron. The development of quantum theory in the 20th century provided a means of describing the electronic band structure of solids and led to an understanding of the importance of both electrons and holes in the conduction process in solids and the differences between insulators, semiconductors and conductors. The present volume deals with two cases where the charge transport in a solid is not described by the normal band structure picture of the solid. These cases are related to the phenomena of the quantum Hall effect and superconductivity. Part I of this book deals with the quantum Hall effect, which is a consequence of the behavior of electrons in solids when they are constrained to move in two dimensions. Part II of the present volume describes the behavior of super conductors where electrons are bound together in Cooper pairs and travel through a material without resistance. Preface Part I The quantum Hall effect The normal Hall effect The integer quantum Hall effect High magnetic field technology Integer quantum Hall effect theory The fractional quantum Hall effect Applications of the quantum Hall effect Part II Superconductivity Superconductivity and magnetism Other properties of superconductors BCS theory High temperature superconductivity The Josephson effect Superconductor applications