Arcangeli A. Diversity of Life Forms 2022

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Arcangeli A. Diversity of Life Forms 2022

Textbook in PDF format Biological diversity is the variety of life on earth. As society strives to transition towards more sustainable development pathways, it is important to properly conceptualize the link between biodiversity (i.e. genes, traits, species and other dimensions) and human well-being. The most unique feature of Earth is the existence of life, and the ost extraordinary feature of life is its diversity. This includes all the different plants, animals, and microorganisms; the genes they contain; and the ecosystems they form on land and in water. Biological diversity is constantly changing. It is increased by new genetic variation and reduced by extinction and habitat degradation. Two decades ago, the vast majority of the world’s nations declared that human actions were dismantling the Earth’s ecosystems, eliminating genes, species and biological traits at an alarming rate. This observation led to the question of how such loss of biological diversity will alter the functioning of ecosystems and their ability to provide society with the goods and services needed to prosper. The book covers living organisms of all kinds in any habitat, focusing on information features rapid assessment approaches, the estimation of species numbers and diversity, habitat management, conservation policy and regulations, threats, biodiversity loss, extinctions, and the documenting of long-term changes, and ex-situ conservation. For several decades, world governments and policy odies have been on a course of attempting to improve human well-being (HWB) through the stated intention of sustainable development, which includes improved education, health and environmental quality, and thedemographic dividend in policy development. Although biodiversity has long been considered integral to this sustainable development agenda, its relationship to HWB has not been systematically explored. The book text is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1: Principle of Cellular Life; Chapter 2: Genetics; Chapter 3: Principles of Evolution; Chapter 4: Evolution and Biodiversity; and Chapter 5: How Plants Work. Chapter 6: How Animals Work that seals with an elegant analysis of how animals work and function, this chapter give a clear understanding of comparative physiology in relation to body size, form and function, energy supply, and environment. The ability of animals to maintain different parts of the body at different temperatures is explained on the basis of counter-current heat exchange; a related mechanism permits the fast-swimming tuna to enjoy some of the advantages of being warm-blooded. The problems raised by being small in size, or large, are considered in detail. It is shown that many physiological variables can be placed on a scale which permits the derivation of non-dimensional numbers to describe the interrelations between different parameters. Finally, Chapter 7: Principle of Ecology that deals with certain basic fundamental ecological principles which describe various aspects of living organisms e.g. evolution and distribution of plants and animals, extinction of species consumption and transfer of energy in different components of biological communities, cycling and recycling of organic and inorganic substances, interactions and inter-relationships among the organisms and between organisms and physical environment etc